Is there a mathematical symbol to represent "else"; the way it's used in computer science and propositional logic? Is it simply "or"?
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$\begingroup$The closest thing to an "else" comes with piecewise defined functions, which is in act the very application of else in programming:
function max(x,y) { if (x > y) then return x else return y end if
}would match the piecewise definition $$ \max\{x,y\}:=\begin{cases}x&\text{if }x>y\\y&\text{otherwise}\end{cases}$$ Note that one commonly embeds natural language into such definitions, for the sake of readability.
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